A presentation is a formal talk to one or more people that "presents" ideas or information in a clear, structured way. People are sometimes afraid of speaking in public, but if you follow a few simple rules, giving a presentation is actually very easy. This tutorial guides you through each stage of giving a presentation in English, from the initial preparation to the conclusion and questions and answers. This tutorial is itself set out like a mini-presentation. You can follow it logically by starting at the presentations introduction page and then clicking on the link at the foot of each page, or you can jump direct to the section you want from the list of contents on each page.
演講是與一個(gè)或多個(gè)人的正式談話,以清晰、結(jié)構(gòu)化的方式“呈現(xiàn)”想法或信息。人們有時(shí)害怕在公共場(chǎng)合演講,但如果你遵循一些簡(jiǎn)單的規(guī)則,做演講其實(shí)很容易。本教程將指導(dǎo)您完成用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行演示的每個(gè)階段,從最初的準(zhǔn)備到結(jié)束以及問(wèn)答。本教程本身就像一個(gè)迷你演示文稿。您可以從演示文稿介紹頁(yè)開(kāi)始,然后單擊每頁(yè)底部的鏈接,或者從每頁(yè)的內(nèi)容列表中直接跳到所需的部分。
All presentations have a common objective. People give presentations because they want to communicate in order to: inform /train /persuade /sell
所有的演講都有一個(gè)共同的目標(biāo)。人們做演講是因?yàn)樗麄兿虢涣鳎员悖焊嬷?培訓(xùn)/說(shuō)服/推銷
A successful presentation is one of the most effective ways of communicating your message. And because English is so widely used in international business, a working knowledge of the vocabulary and techniques used in an English language presentation is a valuable asset.
成功的演講是傳達(dá)信息最有效的方式之一。而且,由于英語(yǔ)在國(guó)際商務(wù)中的應(yīng)用如此廣泛,掌握英語(yǔ)演講中使用的詞匯和技巧是一筆寶貴的財(cái)富。
Can you name the 3 most important things when giving any presentation?
你能說(shuō)出演講中最重要的三件事嗎?
Number 1 is . . . preparation /Number 2 is . . . preparation /Number 3 is . . . preparation
第一個(gè)是...準(zhǔn)備/第二個(gè)是...準(zhǔn)備/第三個(gè)是...準(zhǔn)備
Preparation is everything.
準(zhǔn)備就是一切。
With good preparation and planning you will be totally confident and less nervous. And your audience will feel your confidence. Your audience, too, will be confident. They will be confident in you. And this will give you control. Control of your audience and of your presentation. With control, you will be 'in charge' and your audience will listen positively to your message.
有了良好的準(zhǔn)備和計(jì)劃,你就會(huì)完全自信,不再緊張。你的觀眾會(huì)感受到你的自信。你的觀眾也會(huì)很自信。他們會(huì)對(duì)你充滿信心的。這會(huì)給你控制權(quán)。控制你的聽(tīng)眾和你的演講。有了控制權(quán),你就“掌控”了,你的聽(tīng)眾就會(huì)積極地傾聽(tīng)你的信息。
Objective
目標(biāo)
Before you start to prepare a presentation, you should ask yourself: "Why am I making this presentation?" Do you need to inform, to persuade, to train or to sell? Your objective should be clear in your mind. If it is not clear in your mind, it cannot possibly be clear to your audience.
在開(kāi)始準(zhǔn)備演講之前,你應(yīng)該問(wèn)問(wèn)自己:“我為什么要做這個(gè)演講?”你需要告知、說(shuō)服、培訓(xùn)還是銷售?你的目標(biāo)應(yīng)該在你的頭腦中清楚。如果你心里不清楚,你的聽(tīng)眾就不可能清楚。
Audience
聽(tīng)眾
"Who am I making this presentation to?" Sometimes this will be obvious, but not always. You should try to inform yourself. How many people? Who are they? Business people? Professional people? Political people? Experts or non-experts? Will it be a small, intimate group of 4 colleagues or a large gathering of 400 competitors? How much do they know already and what will they expect from you?
“我要向誰(shuí)做這個(gè)演示?”有時(shí)這是顯而易見(jiàn)的,但并非總是如此。你應(yīng)該試著告訴自己。有多少人?他們是誰(shuí)?生意人?專業(yè)人士?政治人物?專家還是非專家?會(huì)是一個(gè)由4位同事組成的小而親密的團(tuán)隊(duì),還是一個(gè)由400名競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手組成的大型聚會(huì)?他們已經(jīng)知道多少了?他們對(duì)你有什么期望?
Venue
地點(diǎn)
"Where am I making this presentation?" In a small hotel meeting-room or a large conference hall? What facilities and equipment are available? What are the seating arrangements?
“我在哪里做這個(gè)演示?”在酒店的小會(huì)議室還是大會(huì)議廳?有哪些設(shè)施和設(shè)備?座位安排如何?
Time and length
時(shí)間和長(zhǎng)度
"When am I making this presentation and how long will it be?" Will it be 5 minutes or 1 hour? Just before lunch, when your audience will be hungry, or just after lunch, when your audience will be sleepy?
“我什么時(shí)候做這個(gè)報(bào)告,需要多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間?”是5分鐘還是1小時(shí)?午餐前,你的聽(tīng)眾會(huì)餓,還是午餐后,你的聽(tīng)眾會(huì)困?
Method
方法
How should I make this presentation?" What approach should you use? Formal or informal? Lots of visual aids or only a few? Will you include some anecdotes and humour for variety?
我應(yīng)該如何做這個(gè)演示?”你應(yīng)該用什么方法?正式還是非正式?很多視覺(jué)教具還是只有幾個(gè)?你會(huì)提供一些趣聞?shì)W事和幽默嗎?
Content
內(nèi)容
"What should I say?" Now you must decide exactly what you want to say. First, you should brainstorm your ideas. You will no doubt discover many ideas that you want to include in your presentation. But you must be selective. You should include only information that is relevant to your audience and your objective. You should exclude all other ideas. You also need to create a title for your presentation (if you have not already been given a title). The title will help you to focus on the subject. And you will prepare your visual aids, if you have decided to use them. But remember, in general, less is better than more (a little is better than a lot). You can always give additional information during the questions after the presentation.
“我該說(shuō)什么?”現(xiàn)在你必須決定你到底想說(shuō)什么。首先,你應(yīng)該集思廣益。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)許多想法,你想包括在你的介紹。但你必須有選擇性。你應(yīng)該只包括與你的聽(tīng)眾和你的目標(biāo)相關(guān)的信息。你應(yīng)該排除所有其他的想法。您還需要為您的演示文稿創(chuàng)建一個(gè)標(biāo)題(如果您尚未獲得標(biāo)題)。這個(gè)題目能幫助你集中注意力。如果你決定使用視覺(jué)輔助工具,你會(huì)準(zhǔn)備好的。但請(qǐng)記住,總的來(lái)說(shuō),少總比多好(少總比多好)。你可以在演講后的提問(wèn)中提供更多的信息。
Structure
結(jié)構(gòu)
A well organised presentation with a clear structure is easier for the audience to follow. It is therefore more effective. You should organise the points you wish to make in a logical order. Most presentations are organised in three parts, followed by questions:[/en
]組織良好、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰的演講更容易讓觀眾聽(tīng)懂。因此更有效。你應(yīng)該把你想表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)按邏輯順序組織起來(lái)。大多數(shù)演講分為三個(gè)部分,然后是問(wèn)題:
[en]Beginning: introduction /welcome your audience /introduce your subject /explain the structure of your presentation /explain rules for questions
開(kāi)場(chǎng)白:介紹/歡迎聽(tīng)眾/介紹主題/解釋演講結(jié)構(gòu)/解釋提問(wèn)規(guī)則
Middle:Body of presentation /present the subject itself
中間:呈現(xiàn)主體/呈現(xiàn)主體本身
End:Short conclusion /summarise your presentation /thank your audience /invite questions
結(jié)束語(yǔ):簡(jiǎn)短總結(jié)/總結(jié)你的演講/感謝聽(tīng)眾/邀請(qǐng)?zhí)釂?wèn)
Questions and Answers
問(wèn)題和回答
Notes
筆記
When you give your presentation, you should be - or appear to be - as spontaneous as possible. You should not read your presentation! You should be so familiar with your subject and with the information that you want to deliver that you do not need to read a text. Reading a text is boring! Reading a text will make your audience go to sleep! So if you don't have a text to read, how can you remember to say everything you need to say? With notes. You can create your own system of notes. Some people make notes on small, A6 cards. Some people write down just the title of each section of their talk. Some people write down keywords to remind them. The notes will give you confidence, but because you will have prepared your presentation fully, you may not even need them!
當(dāng)你做演講時(shí),你應(yīng)該盡可能的自發(fā)。你不應(yīng)該看你的報(bào)告!你應(yīng)該非常熟悉你的主題和你想要傳達(dá)的信息,這樣你就不需要閱讀文本了。讀課文很無(wú)聊!讀一篇課文會(huì)讓你的聽(tīng)眾睡著!所以,如果你沒(méi)有一個(gè)文本閱讀,你怎么能記得說(shuō)你需要說(shuō)的一切?帶著筆記。您可以創(chuàng)建自己的筆記系統(tǒng)。有些人在A6小卡片上做筆記。有些人只寫下他們演講的每一部分的標(biāo)題。有些人寫下關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)提醒他們。筆記會(huì)給你信心,但是因?yàn)槟阋呀?jīng)準(zhǔn)備好了你的演講,你甚至可能不需要它們!
Rehearsal
彩排
Rehearsal is a vital part of preparation. You should leave time to practise your presentation two or three times. This will have the following benefits: you will become more familiar with what you want to say /you will identify weaknesses in your presentation /you will be able to practise difficult pronunciations /you will be able to check the time that your presentation takes and make any necessary modifications
排練是準(zhǔn)備工作的重要組成部分。你應(yīng)該留出時(shí)間練習(xí)你的演講兩三次。這將有以下好處:你將更加熟悉你想說(shuō)的話/你將發(fā)現(xiàn)你演講中的弱點(diǎn)/你將能夠練習(xí)困難的發(fā)音/你將能夠檢查你的演講所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間并做出任何必要的修改
So prepare, prepare, prepare! Prepare everything: words, visual aids, timing, equipment. Rehearse your presentation several times and time it. Is it the right length? Are you completely familiar with all your illustrations? Are they in the right order? Do you know who the audience is? How many people? How will you answer difficult questions? Do you know the room? Are you confident about the equipment? When you have answered all these questions, you will be a confident, enthusiastic presenter ready to communicate the subject of your presentation to an eager audience.
Easily your most important piece of equipment is...YOU! Make sure you're in full working order, and check your personal presentation carefully - if you don't, your audience will!
Easily your most important piece of equipment is...YOU! Make sure you're in full working order, and check your personal presentation carefully - if you don't, your audience will!
準(zhǔn)備,準(zhǔn)備,準(zhǔn)備!準(zhǔn)備一切:文字,視覺(jué)輔助,時(shí)間,設(shè)備。排練你的演講好幾次并計(jì)時(shí)。長(zhǎng)度合適嗎?你完全熟悉你所有的插圖嗎?它們的順序正確嗎?你知道觀眾是誰(shuí)嗎?有多少人?你將如何回答困難的問(wèn)題?你知道那個(gè)房間嗎?你對(duì)設(shè)備有信心嗎?當(dāng)你回答完所有這些問(wèn)題后,你將成為一個(gè)自信、熱情的演講者,隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備向熱切的聽(tīng)眾傳達(dá)你的演講主題。你最重要的裝備就是…你!確保你完全處于工作狀態(tài),仔細(xì)檢查你的個(gè)人陳述——如果你不這樣做,你的聽(tīng)眾會(huì)的!
Equipment that you may use:
你可能會(huì)用到的工具:
notebook computer
筆記本電腦
The notebook computer is used to display text and graphics during presentations. Basically, it can display anything that you put on your computer screen, including entire presentations generated by presentation software. An excellent tool if used in moderation, but not as an alternative to you—the speaker. It is often used in conjunction with an overhead projector or other projector, which projects the image from the computer screen onto the wall screen.
筆記本電腦用于在演示過(guò)程中顯示文本和圖形?;旧?,它可以顯示你放在電腦屏幕上的任何東西,包括演示軟件生成的整個(gè)演示文稿。一個(gè)很好的工具,如果使用適度,但不是作為一個(gè)替代你的演講者。它通常與投影儀或其他投影儀一起使用,投影儀將計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕上的圖像投影到墻上的屏幕上。
A good workman never blames his tools.
一個(gè)好工人從不責(zé)怪他的工具。
overhead projector (OHP) The overhead projector (OHP) displays overhead transparencies (OHTs or OHPTs). It has several advantages over the 35mm slide projector: it can be used in daylight /the user can face the audience /the user can write or draw directly on the transparency while in use
高架投影儀(OHP)高架投影儀(OHP)顯示高架透明膠片(OHT或OHPT)。它比35mm幻燈機(jī)有幾個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn):可以在日光下使用/用戶可以面對(duì)觀眾/用戶可以在使用時(shí)直接在透明膠片上寫字或畫畫
whiteboard
白板
The whiteboard (more rarely blackboard or greenboard) is a useful device for spontaneous writing - as in brainstorming, for example. For prepared material, the OHP might be more suitable.
白板(很少是黑板或綠板)是自發(fā)寫作的有用工具,例如在頭腦風(fēng)暴中。對(duì)于制備的材料,OHP可能更合適。
duster
板擦
The duster is used for cleaning the whiteboard. It is essential that the duster be clean to start with. You may consider carrying your own duster just in case.
撣子是用來(lái)清潔白板的。撣子一開(kāi)始就必須干凈。你可以考慮帶上你自己的撣子以防萬(wàn)一。
felt marker
毛氈記號(hào)筆
Markers are used for writing on the whiteboard (delible - you can remove the ink) or flipchart (indelible - you cannot remove the ink). They are usually available in blue, red, black and green. Again, it's a good idea to carry a spare set of markers in case you are given some used ones which do not write well.
記號(hào)筆是用來(lái)在白板上寫字的(可以去掉墨水),也可以在活動(dòng)掛圖上寫字(不能去掉墨水)。它們通常有藍(lán)色、紅色、黑色和綠色。再說(shuō)一次,帶一套備用的記號(hào)筆是個(gè)好主意,以防別人給你一些寫得不好的舊記號(hào)筆。
flipchart or paper-board
掛圖或紙板
The flipchart consists of several leaves of paper that you 'flip' or turn over. Some people prefer the flipchart to the whiteboard, but its use is limited to smaller presentations.
活動(dòng)掛圖由你“翻轉(zhuǎn)”或翻過(guò)的幾頁(yè)紙組成。與白板相比,有些人更喜歡掛圖,但它的使用僅限于較小的演示文稿。
35mm slide projector
35mm幻燈機(jī)
The Slide projector - which must be used in a darkened room - adds a certain drama. Slide projectors have mostly been overtaken by digital electronic media and are rare today. Some slide projectors can be synchronised with audio for audio-visual (AV) presentations. These projectors are typically used for larger presentations. The majority take 35mm slides or transparencies (as seen here), but projectors for 6x6cm slides are also available.
幻燈機(jī)——必須在黑暗的房間里使用——增加了某種戲劇性?;脽舴庞硻C(jī)大多已經(jīng)被數(shù)字電子媒體所取代,在今天已經(jīng)很少見(jiàn)了。一些幻燈機(jī)可以與音頻同步,用于視聽(tīng)(AV)演示。這些投影儀通常用于較大的演示。大多數(shù)采用35毫米幻燈片或透明膠片(如圖所示),但也提供6厘米6厘米幻燈片的投影儀。
screen
屏幕
Transparencies are projected by an overhead projector or a slide projector onto a screen - in this case a folding screen which can be packed up and transported.
透明膠片通過(guò)投影機(jī)或幻燈機(jī)投射到屏幕上,在這種情況下,就是可以打包和運(yùn)輸?shù)恼郫B屏幕。
handouts
講義
Handouts are any documents or samples that you 'hand out' or distribute to your audience. Note that it is not usually a good idea to distribute handouts before your presentation. The audience will read the handouts instead of listening to you.
講義是你“分發(fā)”或分發(fā)給聽(tīng)眾的任何文件或樣本。請(qǐng)注意,在演講前分發(fā)講義通常不是一個(gè)好主意。聽(tīng)眾會(huì)讀講義而不是聽(tīng)你講。
'Delivery' refers to the way in which you actually deliver or perform or give your presentation. Delivery is a vital aspect of all presentations. Delivery is at least as important as content, especially in a multi-cultural context.
“發(fā)表”是指你實(shí)際交演講、執(zhí)行或陳述的方式。發(fā)表是所有演示文稿的一個(gè)重要方面。發(fā)表至少與內(nèi)容同等重要,尤其是在多元文化背景下。
Nerves
神經(jīng)
Most speakers are a little nervous at the beginning of a presentation. So it is normal if you are nervous. The answer is to pay special attention to the beginning of your presentation. First impressions count. This is the time when you establish a rapport with your audience. During this time, try to speak slowly and calmly. You should perhaps learn your introduction by heart. After a few moments, you will relax and gain confidence.
大多數(shù)演講者在演講開(kāi)始時(shí)都有點(diǎn)緊張。所以你緊張是正常的。答案是要特別注意你演講的開(kāi)頭。第一印象很重要。這是你與聽(tīng)眾建立融洽關(guān)系的時(shí)候。在這段時(shí)間里,試著慢慢地、平靜地說(shuō)話。你也許應(yīng)該把你的介紹背下來(lái)。幾分鐘后,你就會(huì)放松,獲得自信。
Audience Rapport
觀眾關(guān)系
You need to build a warm and friendly relationship with your audience. Enthusiasm is contagious. If you are enthusiastic your audience will be enthusiastic too. And be careful to establish eye contact with each member of your audience. Each person should feel that you are speaking directly to him or her. This means that you must look at each person in turn - in as natural a way as possible. This will also give you the opportunity to detect signs of boredom, disinterest or even disagreement, allowing you to modify your presentation as appropriate.
你需要和你的聽(tīng)眾建立一種熱情友好的關(guān)系。熱情是會(huì)傳染的。如果你很熱情,你的聽(tīng)眾也會(huì)很熱情。注意與每一位聽(tīng)眾建立眼神交流。每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該感覺(jué)到你在直接和他或她說(shuō)話。這意味著你必須以盡可能自然的方式依次看待每個(gè)人。這也會(huì)讓你有機(jī)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)聊,不感興趣,甚至不同意的跡象,讓你修改你的陳述適當(dāng)。
Body Language
肢體語(yǔ)言
What you do not say is at least as important as what you do say. Your body is speaking to your audience even before you open your mouth. Your clothes, your walk, your glasses, your haircut, your expression - it is from these that your audience forms its first impression as you enter the room. Generally speaking, it is better to stand rather than sit when making a presentation. Be aware of and avoid any repetitive and irritating gestures. Be aware, too, that the movement of your body is one of your methods of control. When you move to or from the whiteboard, for example, you can move fast or slowly, raising or reducing the dynamism within the audience. You can stand very still while talking or you can stroll from side to side. What effect do you think these two different approaches would have on an audience?
你不說(shuō)的至少和你說(shuō)的一樣重要。你的身體甚至在你開(kāi)口之前就已經(jīng)在對(duì)你的聽(tīng)眾說(shuō)話了。你的衣服,你的走路,你的眼鏡,你的發(fā)型,你的表情-正是從這些你的觀眾形成的第一印象,你進(jìn)入房間。一般來(lái)說(shuō),做報(bào)告時(shí)最好站著而不是坐著。注意并避免任何重復(fù)和惱人的手勢(shì)。也要注意,你身體的運(yùn)動(dòng)是你控制的方法之一。例如,當(dāng)你在白板上移動(dòng)或離開(kāi)白板時(shí),你可以快速或緩慢地移動(dòng),提高或降低觀眾的活力。你可以一邊說(shuō)話一邊站著不動(dòng),也可以左右走動(dòng)。你認(rèn)為這兩種不同的方法會(huì)對(duì)聽(tīng)眾產(chǎn)生什么影響?
Cultural Considerations
文化因素
Because English is so widely used around the world, it is quite possible that many members of your audience will not be native English-speakers. In other words, they will not have an Anglo-Saxon culture. Even within the Anglo-Saxon world, there are many differences in culture. If we hypothetically imagine a German working for an Israeli company making a presentation in English to a Japanese audience in Korea, we can see that there are even more possibilities for cultural misunderstanding. You should try to learn about any particular cultural matters that may affect your audience. This is one reason why preparation for your presentation is so important. Cultural differences can also be seen in body language, which we have just discussed. To a Latin from Southern France or Italy, a presenter who uses his hands and arms when speaking may seem dynamic and friendly. To an Englishman, the same presenter may seem unsure of his words and lacking in self-confidence.
由于英語(yǔ)在世界各地的應(yīng)用如此廣泛,你的許多聽(tīng)眾很可能不是以英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的人。換句話說(shuō),他們不會(huì)有盎格魯撒克遜文化。即使在盎格魯撒克遜世界內(nèi)部,文化也有許多差異。如果我們假設(shè)一個(gè)為以色列公司工作的德國(guó)人用英語(yǔ)向在韓國(guó)的日本觀眾做演講,我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)文化誤解的可能性更大。你應(yīng)該嘗試了解任何可能影響你的聽(tīng)眾的特定文化問(wèn)題。這就是為什么你的演講準(zhǔn)備如此重要的原因之一。文化差異也可以從我們剛才討論的肢體語(yǔ)言中看到。對(duì)于一個(gè)來(lái)自法國(guó)南部或意大利的拉丁人來(lái)說(shuō),演講時(shí)用手和胳膊的演講者似乎充滿活力和友好。對(duì)一個(gè)英國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō),同一個(gè)演講者似乎不確定自己的話,缺乏自信。
Voice quality
音質(zhì)
It is, of course, important that your audience be able to hear you clearly throughout your presentation. Remember that if you turn away from your audience, for example towards the whiteboard, you need to speak a little more loudly. In general, you should try to vary your voice. Your voice will then be more interesting for your audience. You can vary your voice in at least three ways:
當(dāng)然,重要的是你的聽(tīng)眾能夠在你的演講中清晰地聽(tīng)到你的聲音。記住,如果你離開(kāi)你的聽(tīng)眾,比如對(duì)著白板,你需要大聲一點(diǎn)。一般來(lái)說(shuō),你應(yīng)該試著改變你的聲音。你的聲音對(duì)你的聽(tīng)眾來(lái)說(shuō)會(huì)更有趣。您至少可以通過(guò)三種方式改變您的聲音:
speed: you can speak at normal speed, you can speak faster, you can speak more slowly - and you can stop completely! You can pause. This is a very good technique for gaining your audience's attention. /intonation: you can change the pitch of your voice. You can speak in a high tone. You can speak in a low tone. /volume: you can speak at normal volume, you can speak loudly and you can speak quietly. Lowering your voice and speaking quietly can again attract your audience's interest. The important point is not to speak in the same, flat, monotonous voice throughout your presentation - this is the voice that hypnotists use to put their patients' into trance!
速度:你可以以正常的速度說(shuō)話,你可以說(shuō)得更快,你可以說(shuō)得更慢-你可以完全停止!你可以停下來(lái)。這是一個(gè)非常好的技巧,以獲得您的觀眾的注意。/語(yǔ)調(diào):你可以改變聲音的音調(diào)。你可以用高音說(shuō)話。你可以低聲說(shuō)話。/音量:你可以用正常的音量說(shuō)話,可以大聲說(shuō)話,也可以安靜地說(shuō)話。小聲點(diǎn)說(shuō)話能再次吸引聽(tīng)眾的興趣。重要的一點(diǎn)是在你的演講中不要用相同的、平淡的、單調(diào)的聲音——這是催眠師用來(lái)讓病人進(jìn)入恍惚狀態(tài)的聲音!
Visual aids
視覺(jué)教具
Of all the information that enters our brains, the vast majority of it enters through the eyes. 80% of what your audience learn during your presentation is learned visually (what they see) and only 20% is learned aurally (what they hear). The significance of this is obvious:
在所有進(jìn)入我們大腦的信息中,絕大多數(shù)是通過(guò)眼睛進(jìn)入的。在你的演講中,80%的聽(tīng)眾是通過(guò)視覺(jué)(他們看到的)學(xué)習(xí)的,只有20%的聽(tīng)眾是通過(guò)聽(tīng)覺(jué)(他們聽(tīng)到的)學(xué)習(xí)的。其意義顯而易見(jiàn):
visual aids are an extremely effective means of communication /non-native English speakers need not worry so much about spoken English - they can rely more heavily on visual aids. It is well worth spending time in the creation of good visual aids. But it is equally important not to overload your audience's brains. Keep the information on each visual aid to a minimum - and give your audience time to look at and absorb this information. Remember, your audience have never seen these visual aids before. They need time to study and to understand them. Without understanding there is no communication. Apart from photographs and drawings, some of the most useful visual aids are charts and graphs, like the 3-dimensional
視覺(jué)教具是一種非常有效的交流手段/非英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)人士不必太擔(dān)心英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)-他們可以更依賴視覺(jué)教具?;〞r(shí)間創(chuàng)作好的視覺(jué)輔助工具是非常值得的。但同樣重要的是,不要讓聽(tīng)眾的大腦負(fù)擔(dān)過(guò)重。盡量減少每個(gè)視覺(jué)輔助工具上的信息,給你的觀眾時(shí)間去看和吸收這些信息。請(qǐng)記住,您的觀眾以前從未見(jiàn)過(guò)這些視覺(jué)輔助工具。他們需要時(shí)間來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)和理解他們。沒(méi)有理解就沒(méi)有交流。除了照片和圖畫之外,一些最有用的視覺(jué)輔助工具是圖表和圖形,比如三維圖形
ones shown here:
這里顯示的是:
3D piechart: Piecharts are circular in shape (like a pie). /3D barchart: Barcharts can be vertical (as here) or horizontal. /3D graph: Graphs can rise and fall.
三維餅圖:餅圖是圓形的(像一個(gè)餅)。/三維條形圖:條形圖可以是垂直的(如這里所示)或水平的。/三維圖形:圖形可以上升和下降。
Audience Reaction
觀眾反應(yīng)
Remain calm and polite if you receive difficult or even hostile questions during your presentation. If you receive particularly awkward questions, you might suggest that the questioners ask their questions after your presentation.
如果你在演講過(guò)程中遇到困難甚至敵對(duì)的問(wèn)題,保持冷靜和禮貌。如果你收到特別尷尬的問(wèn)題,你可以建議提問(wèn)者在你演講后問(wèn)他們的問(wèn)題。
Language in the speech.
演講中使用的言語(yǔ)
Simplicity and Clarity
簡(jiǎn)潔明了
If you want your audience to understand your message, your language must be simple and clear. Use short words and short sentences. /Do not use jargon, unless you are certain that your audience understands it. /In general, talk about concrete facts rather than abstract ideas. /Use active verbs instead of passive verbs. Active verbs are much easier to understand. They are much more powerful. Consider these two sentences, which say the same thing:
如果你想讓你的聽(tīng)眾理解你的信息,你的語(yǔ)言必須簡(jiǎn)單明了。使用短詞和短句。/不要使用行話,除非你確信你的聽(tīng)眾能理解。/一般來(lái)說(shuō),談?wù)摼唧w的事實(shí)而不是抽象的想法。/用主動(dòng)動(dòng)詞代替被動(dòng)動(dòng)詞。主動(dòng)動(dòng)詞更容易理解。他們更強(qiáng)大。想想這兩句話,它們說(shuō)的是同一件事:
Toyota sold nine million vehicles last year. /Nine million vehicles were sold by Toyota last year.
豐田去年售出900萬(wàn)輛汽車。/豐田去年售出900萬(wàn)輛汽車。
Which is easier to understand? Which is more immediate? Which is more powerful? 1 is active and 2 is passive.
哪個(gè)更容易理解?哪個(gè)更直接?哪個(gè)更強(qiáng)大?1是主動(dòng)的,2是被動(dòng)的。
Signposting
信號(hào)提示
When you drive on the roads, you know where you are on those roads. Each road has a name or number. Each town has a name. And each house has a number. If you are at house #100, you can go back to #50 or forward to #150. You can look at the signposts for directions. And you can look at your atlas for the structure of the roads in detail. In other words, it is easy to navigate the roads. You cannot get lost. But when you give a presentation, how can your audience know where they are? How can they know the structure of your presentation? How can they know what is coming next? They know because you tell them. Because you put up signposts for them, at the beginning and all along the route. This technique is called 'signposting' (or 'signalling').
當(dāng)你在路上開(kāi)車時(shí),你知道你在那些路上的位置。每條路都有一個(gè)名字或號(hào)碼。每個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)都有一個(gè)名字。每家都有一個(gè)號(hào)碼。如果你在100號(hào)房,你可以回到50號(hào)房,也可以轉(zhuǎn)到150號(hào)房。你可以看路標(biāo)看方向。你可以看你的地圖冊(cè)來(lái)詳細(xì)了解道路的結(jié)構(gòu)。換言之,在道路上行駛很容易。你不能迷路。但是當(dāng)你做演講的時(shí)候,你的聽(tīng)眾怎么知道他們?cè)谀睦锬兀克麄冊(cè)趺粗滥阊葜v的結(jié)構(gòu)?他們?cè)趺粗澜酉聛?lái)會(huì)發(fā)生什么?他們知道是因?yàn)槟愀嬖V了他們。因?yàn)槟阍谝婚_(kāi)始和沿途都為他們豎起了路標(biāo)。這種技術(shù)被稱為“路標(biāo)”(或“信號(hào)”)。
During your introduction, you should tell your audience what the structure of your presentation will be. You might say something like this:
在你的介紹中,你應(yīng)該告訴你的聽(tīng)眾你的演講的結(jié)構(gòu)是什么。你可以這樣說(shuō):
"I'll start by describing the current position in Europe. Then I'll move on to some of the achievements we've made in Asia. After that I'll consider the opportunities we see for further expansion in Africa. Lastly, I'll quickly recap before concluding with some recommendations."
“我先來(lái)描述一下目前在歐洲的狀況。接下來(lái)我將介紹我們?cè)趤喼奕〉玫囊恍┏删?。之后,我將考慮我們看到的在非洲進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)張的機(jī)會(huì)。最后,在總結(jié)一些建議之前,我將快速回顧一下。”
A member of the audience can now visualize your presentation like this:
觀眾現(xiàn)在可以將您的演示形象化為:
Introduction /Welcome /Explanation of structure (now)
介紹/歡迎/解釋結(jié)構(gòu)(現(xiàn)在)
Body /Europe /Asia /Africa
主體/歐洲/亞洲/非洲
Conclusion /Summing up /Recommendations
結(jié)論/總結(jié)/建議
He will keep this image in his head during the presentation. He may even write it down. And throughout your presentation, you will put up signposts telling him which point you have reached and where you are going now. When you finish Europe and want to start Asia, you might say: "That's all I have to say about Europe. Let's turn now to Asia." When you have finished Africa and want to sum up, you might say: "Well, we've looked at the three continents Europe, Asia and Africa. I'd like to sum up now." And when you finish summing up and want to give your recommendations, you might say: "What does all this mean for us? Well, firstly I recommend..."
在演講過(guò)程中,他會(huì)一直把這個(gè)形象記在腦子里。他甚至可以寫下來(lái)。在整個(gè)演講過(guò)程中,你會(huì)豎起路標(biāo),告訴他你已經(jīng)到達(dá)了哪一點(diǎn),你現(xiàn)在要去哪里。當(dāng)你完成了歐洲,想要開(kāi)始亞洲,你可能會(huì)說(shuō):“這就是我要說(shuō)的關(guān)于歐洲的一切。現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)談?wù)剚喼蕖?rdquo;當(dāng)你講完非洲并想總結(jié)一下時(shí),你可能會(huì)說(shuō):“好吧,我們看了歐洲、亞洲和非洲三大洲。現(xiàn)在我想總結(jié)一下。”當(dāng)你總結(jié)完并想提出建議時(shí),你可能會(huì)說(shuō):“這一切對(duì)我們意味著什么?嗯,首先我建議……”
The table below lists useful expressions that you can use to signpost the various parts of your presentation.
下表列出了一些有用的表達(dá)式,您可以使用這些表達(dá)式來(lái)標(biāo)示演示文稿的各個(gè)部分。
Signposting /Function /Language
路標(biāo)/功能/語(yǔ)言
Introducing the subject:I'd like to start by... /Let's begin by... /First of all, I'll... /Starting with... /I'll begin by...
介紹主題:我想從。。。/讓我們從。。。/首先,我會(huì)。。。/從。。。/我先從。。。
Finishing one subject...:Well, I've told you about... /That's all I have to say about... /We've looked at... /So much for...
完成一個(gè)主題…:嗯,我告訴過(guò)你。。。/這就是我要說(shuō)的。。。/我們已經(jīng)看了。。。/就這么多。。。
...and starting another:Now we'll move on to... /Let me turn now to... /Next... /Turning to... /I'd like now to discuss... /Let's look now at...
…開(kāi)始另一個(gè):現(xiàn)在我們繼續(xù)。。。/現(xiàn)在讓我來(lái)談?wù)?。。?下一個(gè)。。。/轉(zhuǎn)向。。。/我現(xiàn)在想討論一下。。。/現(xiàn)在讓我們看看。。。
Analysing a point and giving recommendations:Where does that lead us? /Let's consider this in more detail... /What does this mean for ABC? /Translated into real terms...
分析一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)并給出建議:這將把我們引向何方?/讓我們更詳細(xì)地考慮一下。。。/這對(duì)ABC意味著什么?/翻譯成實(shí)際情況。。。
Giving an example:For example,... /A good example of this is... /As an illustration,... /To give you an example,... /To illustrate this point...
舉個(gè)例子:例如,。。。/一個(gè)很好的例子是。。。/舉例來(lái)說(shuō),。。。/舉個(gè)例子,。。。/為了說(shuō)明這一點(diǎn)。。。
Dealing with questions:We'll be examining this point in more detail later on... /I'd like to deal with this question later, if I may... /I'll come back to this question later in my talk... /Perhaps you'd like to raise this point at the end... /I won't comment on this now...
處理問(wèn)題:我們稍后將更詳細(xì)地研究這一點(diǎn)。。。/我想稍后再處理這個(gè)問(wèn)題,如果可以的話。。。/我稍后會(huì)在我的演講中回到這個(gè)問(wèn)題。。。/也許你想在最后提出這一點(diǎn)。。。/我現(xiàn)在不評(píng)論這個(gè)。。。
Summarising and concluding:In conclusion,... /Right, let's sum up, shall we? /I'd like now to recap... /Let's summarise briefly what we've looked at... /Finally, let me remind you of some of the issues we've covered... /If I can just sum up the main points...
總結(jié)和概括:總之,。。。/好的,讓我們總結(jié)一下,好嗎?/現(xiàn)在我想重述一下。。。/讓我們簡(jiǎn)要總結(jié)一下我們所看到的。。。/最后,讓我提醒你我們討論過(guò)的一些問(wèn)題。。。/如果我能總結(jié)一下要點(diǎn)。。。
Ordering:Firstly...secondly...thirdly...lastly... /First of all...then...next...after that...finally... /To start with...later...to finish up...
順序:第一…第二…第三…最后。。。/首先…然后…接下來(lái)…之后…最后。。。/開(kāi)始…稍后…結(jié)束。。。
That's all I have to say about the language of presentations. Most presentations are divided into 3 main parts (+ questions):
關(guān)于演講語(yǔ)言,我只想說(shuō)這些。大多數(shù)演示文稿分為3個(gè)主要部分(+問(wèn)題):
1 INTRODUCTION (Questions) /2 BODY /3 ConCLUSION /Questions
1引言(問(wèn)題)/2正文/3結(jié)論/問(wèn)題
As a general rule in communication, repetition is valuable. In presentations, there is a golden rule about repetition:
作為交流的一般規(guī)則,重復(fù)是有價(jià)值的。在演講中,重復(fù)有一條黃金法則:
Say what you are going to say... /say it... /then say what you have just said.
說(shuō)出你要說(shuō)的話。。。/說(shuō)吧。。。/那就說(shuō)你剛才說(shuō)的話。
In other words, use the three parts of your presentation to reinforce your message. In the introduction, you tell your audience what your message is going to be. In the body, you tell your audience your real message. In the conclusion, you summarize what your message was. We will now consider each of these parts in more detail.
換句話說(shuō),用你演講的三個(gè)部分來(lái)強(qiáng)化你的信息。在開(kāi)場(chǎng)白中,你告訴你的聽(tīng)眾你的信息是什么。在主體部分里,你告訴你的聽(tīng)眾你真正的信息。在結(jié)論中,你總結(jié)了你的信息是什么。我們現(xiàn)在將更詳細(xì)地考慮其中的每一部分。
Introduction
開(kāi)場(chǎng)白
The introduction is a very important - perhaps the most important - part of your presentation. This is the first impression that your audience have of you. You should concentrate on getting your introduction right. You should use the introduction to:
開(kāi)場(chǎng)白是你演講中非常重要的部分,也許是最重要的部分。這是你的聽(tīng)眾對(duì)你的第一印象。你應(yīng)該集中精力把你的介紹做好。您應(yīng)該使用簡(jiǎn)介:
welcome your audience /introduce your subject /outline the structure of your presentation /give instructions about questions
歡迎你的聽(tīng)眾/介紹你的主題/概述你演講的結(jié)構(gòu)/就問(wèn)題給出說(shuō)明
The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to modify the language as appropriate.
下表顯示了每個(gè)函數(shù)的語(yǔ)言示例。您可能需要根據(jù)需要修改語(yǔ)言。
Function /Possible language
功能/可能的語(yǔ)言
1.Welcoming your audience:Good morning, ladies and gentlemen /Good morning, gentlemen /Good afternoon, ladies and gentleman /Good afternoon, everybody
1.歡迎各位聽(tīng)眾:早上好,女士們先生們/早上好,先生們/下午好,女士們先生們/大家下午好
2.Introducing your subject:I am going to talk today about... /The purpose of my presentation is to introduce our new range of...
2.介紹你的主題:我今天要談?wù)?。?!?我演講的目的是介紹我們的新系列。。。
3.Outlining your structure:To start with I'll describe the progress made this year. Then I'll mention some of the problems we've encountered and how we overcame them. After that I'll consider the possibilities for further growth next year. Finally, I'll summarize my presentation (before concluding with some recommendations).
3.概述你的結(jié)構(gòu):首先,我將描述今年取得的進(jìn)展。然后我會(huì)提到我們遇到的一些問(wèn)題,以及我們是如何克服它們的。在那之后,我將考慮明年進(jìn)一步增長(zhǎng)的可能性。最后,我將總結(jié)一下我的演講(在總結(jié)一些建議之前)。
4.Giving instructions about questions :Do feel free to interrupt me if you have any questions. /I'll try to answer all of your questions after the presentation. /I plan to keep some time for questions after the presentation.
4.關(guān)于問(wèn)題的指示:如果你有任何問(wèn)題,請(qǐng)隨時(shí)打斷我。/演講結(jié)束后,我會(huì)盡力回答你所有的問(wèn)題。/我計(jì)劃在演講后留點(diǎn)時(shí)間提問(wèn)。
Body
主體部分
The body is the 'real' presentation. If the introduction was well prepared and delivered, you will now be 'in control'. You will be relaxed and confident. The body should be well structured, divided up logically, with plenty of carefully spaced visuals. Remember these key points while delivering the body of your presentation: do not hurry /be enthusiastic /give time on visuals /maintain eye contact /modulate your voice /look friendly /keep to your structure /use your notes /signpost throughout /remain polite when dealing with difficult questions
主體部分才是真正的表現(xiàn)。如果介紹準(zhǔn)備得很好,你現(xiàn)在就可以“掌控”了。你會(huì)放松和自信。身體應(yīng)該有良好的結(jié)構(gòu),有邏輯的劃分,有大量仔細(xì)間隔的視覺(jué)效果。在演講時(shí)要記住以下要點(diǎn):不要著急/要熱情/在視覺(jué)上花時(shí)間/保持眼神交流/調(diào)節(jié)聲音/看起來(lái)友好/保持結(jié)構(gòu)/使用筆記/路標(biāo)/在處理困難問(wèn)題時(shí)保持禮貌
Conclusion
總結(jié)部分
Use the conclusion to: Sum up /(Give recommendations if appropriate) /Thank your audience /Invite questions
使用結(jié)論:總結(jié)/(適當(dāng)時(shí)給出建議)/感謝聽(tīng)眾/提出問(wèn)題
The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to modify the language as appropriate.
下表顯示了每個(gè)功能的語(yǔ)言示例。您可能需要根據(jù)需要修改語(yǔ)言。
Function /Possible language
功能/可能的語(yǔ)言
1.Summing up:To conclude,... /In conclusion,... /Now, to sum up... /So let me summarise/recap what I've said. /Finally, may I remind you of some of the main points we've considered.
1.總結(jié):總結(jié),。。。/總之,。。。/總而言之。。。/讓我總結(jié)一下我所說(shuō)的。/最后,請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我提醒你我們考慮過(guò)的一些要點(diǎn)。
2.Giving recommendations:In conclusion, my recommendations are... /I therefore suggest/propose/recommend the following strategy.
2.提出建議:總之,我的建議是。。。/因此,我建議采取以下戰(zhàn)略。
3.Thanking your audience:Many thanks for your attention. /May I thank you all for being such an attentive audience.
3.感謝觀眾:非常感謝大家的關(guān)注。/請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我感謝你們所有人是如此細(xì)心的聽(tīng)眾。
4.Inviting questionsNow I'll try to answer any questions you may have. /Can I answer any questions? /Are there any questions? /Do you have any questions? /Are there any final questions?
4.邀請(qǐng)?zhí)釂?wèn):現(xiàn)在我試著回答你的任何問(wèn)題。/我能回答任何問(wèn)題嗎?/有什么問(wèn)題嗎?/你有什么問(wèn)題嗎?/還有最后的問(wèn)題嗎?
Questions
提問(wèn)
Questions are a good opportunity for you to interact with your audience. It may be helpful for you to try to predict what questions will be asked so that you can prepare your response in advance. You may wish to accept questions at any time during your presentation, or to keep a time for questions after your presentation. Normally, it's your decision, and you should make it clear during the introduction. Be polite with all questioners, even if they ask difficult questions. They are showing interest in what you have to say and they deserve attention. Sometimes you can reformulate a question. Or answer the question with another question. Or even ask for comment from the rest of the audience.
提問(wèn)是你與聽(tīng)眾互動(dòng)的好機(jī)會(huì)。你可以試著預(yù)測(cè)會(huì)被問(wèn)到什么問(wèn)題,這樣你就可以提前準(zhǔn)備好你的回答。您可能希望在演示過(guò)程中隨時(shí)接受問(wèn)題,或在演示結(jié)束后留出時(shí)間回答問(wèn)題。通常,這是你的決定,你應(yīng)該在介紹的時(shí)候說(shuō)清楚。對(duì)所有提問(wèn)者都要有禮貌,即使他們問(wèn)的問(wèn)題很難。他們對(duì)你要說(shuō)的話很感興趣,值得關(guān)注。有時(shí)你可以重新提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題?;蛘哂昧硪粋€(gè)問(wèn)題來(lái)回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。甚至向其他觀眾征求意見(jiàn)。